Hydraulic turbine



Dec. 22, 1931. MOODY I 1,837,568-

H'YDRAULI C TURB I NE Filed April 14, 1923 7 Sheets-Sheet 2 61kt mug A,

Dec.'22, 1931.

L. F. MOODY HYDRAULIC TURBINE Filed April 14, 1923 7 Sheets-Sheet 3 an ucufo:

/ .4; litogey A Dec.

L. F. MOODY HYDRAULIC TURBINE Filed April 1923 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 L. F. MOODY HYDRAULIC TURBINE '7 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed April 14, 1923 Dec. 22, 1931. L. F. MOODY HYDRAULIC TURBINE Filed April 14, 1923 'r Sheets- Sheet e L. F. MOODY V 1,837,568

HYDRAULI C TURBI NE Dec.- 22, 1931.

Filed Aprii 1 4, 1925 7 Sheets$heet 7' Pa tented Dec. 22, 1931 UNITED, STATES,

PATENT oF IcE LEWIS FERRY MOODY, OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA HYDRAULIC TURBINE Application and April 14,

This invention relates to hydraulic turbines and particularly to turbines of the reaction type and of high specific speed. The object of the invention is to provide such a' turbine which will be simple in form and inexpensive and at the same time eflicient in operation.

It has been found particularly with turbines having high specific speed propeller- LO type runners that very high'eificiencies, can

be'attained, particularly at 01' near full load and in many installations it is highl v desirable to maintain these efliciencies at par- 1 tial loads or full loads. In large installations.

l5 witha number of units where the load bn each unit is almost invariable, part gate or overload eificiencles are not so important; but where, as 1n many smaller lnstallations with only a few units, there are apt to .be'

2 relatively large load variations, in such case nance of elficiency throughout a large range of performance" is attained by providing the runner with,blades of simple strong formation adapted for the attainment of high spe cific speeds and having an adjustment of the blade surfaces to a variable angle with relation to the flow. 4

Further objects of the invention particu-' larly in the specific means used to attain these results will be clear from the following specification taken in connection with, the accompanying drawings in which Fig.1 is a vertical sectional view of a turbin-e illustrating one embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 2 is a plan view of a portion of the runner blades;

1323. Serial No. 631,985.

Figs. 9 to 12 are views similar to Fig. 1

illustrating modified forms'of turbines.

Fig. 13 is a vertical elevational view of governing means showing connections for operating the runner blades, and I Fig. 14 is a view similar to Fig. 1 illustrating a further modification.

Fig. 15 illustrates mechanism for effecting regulation of both the guide vanes and Fig. 16 is a view-illustrating hand control for the runner blades.

In the specific embodiment of the invention shown in Fi 1 the invention is illustrated in connect1on with a vertical shaft turbine installed in an open flume F. It may however be installed in connection with any desired intake means and the axis of the runner shaft may be horizontal or at any desired inclinations In Fig. 1 the turbine comprises a d1str1butor containing fixed guide vanes 15' wh ch also act as stay vanes to support the turb ne bearing 16, the bearing casing 17 and gulde vanes beingcast in one piece as shown, and the casting 15, 17 being removable to permlt the turbine to be dismantled and the runner withdrawn. The guide vane casting rests 1n a fixed base ring 18 set into the concrete,

which forms the floor of the flume F," and the wallsof the draft tube D. The gulde vane ring and bearing casing may be made interchangeable with a radial, inward-flow distributor and head cover containing the ordinary wicket gates (see Fig. 5')', s'o that turw bines of standard sizes may be furnished with either fixed guide vanes or wicket gate regulation, as might be desirable in any given installation. When fixed guide vanes 15 are used as shown it is no longernecessary to make these vanes overlap in order' that they may close 05 the flow for regulation purposes, a small number of such vanes 15 canbe used widely spaced (seeFig. 2) and thereby the amount of surface exposed to 1 the flow can be reduced with a corresponding reduction in the loss of head due to hydraulic surface resistance.

Since in turbines of the high specific speed propeller type here represented the amount of whirl component of the velocity of entrance of the water into the runner is considerably reducedbelow what wouldbe re-' qllliired in turbines of lower specific speed, t e water enters at a large angle with respect to the tangential direction and therefore does not have. to be deflected through a large angle in admitting it to the runner. .A small number of guide vanes is therefore suflicient m to give the required direction. In designing a set of turbines of standard size for quantity manufacture, the patterns may be arranged to permit the guide vane angle to be adjusted to'suit the particular range of horseower and the speed required in any given installation. After the conditions are determined for an installation, the vanes will then be rigidly cast at the pro'p'enangle. These vanes may either be connected by a continugo ous ring 19 around their outer ends or in some cases each vane could be provided with a pad at the-outer endfitting into a socket in the base ring 18, the surface of the pad con-.

forming to-the contour of the base ring.

The bearing casin'g 17 contains the bearing proper .16, which is lined with lignum vitae or rubber, suitable for operation in the water. The bearing is covered with a strainer 20 to keep foreign matter out of the bearing. In the arrangement shown, a bell crank 21 is" mounted above the bearing cover to transfer the governor motion from rod 22 to i a .rod 23 carried within the hollow shaft 24 of the runner 25. It may be desirable in some 5 cases to enclose this beILcrank within the bearing cover 20 or an extension of the cover, the point of support of the bell crank being dropped to a lower elevation to make the design more compact.

9 .The router 25 is of the movable blade type, the regulation being performed by a rotation of each blade 26 on an axis contained ina meridian plane, that is, a plane containing theturbine axis. As shown, the vane pins 27 are mounted in ball bearings 28, but this is not, of course, essential, although it may be advantageous particularly when the head is relatively high. Each vane stem 27 carries an arm 29 connected through universal joint 30 to a link member 31 swiveled in a lower member 32 mounted on the vertical rod 23 which passes upward within the hollow I shaft 24. The link is pin-connected at the upper end and connected by a ball and socket joint to the block 32 at the lower end, thus providing a universal joint at each end.

The 'governor'connected torod 22 can be placed at any suitable location on the floor of the generator room and the rod 22 can be placed at any suit-able angle, the bell crank 21 to which it is connected being given-a corresponding angle between its arms. This bell crank 21 raises and lowers the central 'rod 23 within the shaft 24 through a floating sleeve and pin connection 33 passing I through slots in the shaft 24. The vertical motion of this central rod 23 rotates all the At the point of connection of each; blade to its in, a circular disk 34 is provided which is tted in a recess in the runner hub 35 and has its exposed surface 36 conforming .to the hub contour when the blade is in I its normal and stem 2 are preferably cast integrally.

v The runner 25 is of'the dia onal Inflow type with a substantiall .axial discharge and receiving the flow axia ly and with inward components in meridian plana- A shroud ring is preferably omitted and the blades are of sim le rather flat contour providing high s ee propeller type runners. The

position. The blade 26, disk 34 runner blades 26 equally and simultaneously.

blade e ges are substantially straight lines as rojected intomeridian planes as shown for mstance in Fig. 1. Tests which I have made on a runner having adjustable blades of this form show that a very flat efliciency curve can be secured, that is, the efliciency changes but little over a considerable range of power output corresponding to changes in the blade angle. This is true even when a fixed osition ofthe guide vanes 15 is used. If oth guide vanes and runner blades are made movable (see Fig. 5) a very wide range in capacityof the turbine can be secured and it can be adapted to a wide variation of speed. For

any given installation, a better form of performance curve can be secured by moving v the runner blades'along than it is possible to secure with fixed runner blades guide vanes.

- The fixed entrance guide vanes 15 of Figs.

1 and 2 are shown as-varying in inclination from a more axial direction at their outer.

ends 15 .to a more tangential direction at their inner ends 15" so that the entering flow is guided with increasing components of whirl toward the center. This varying angleffrom the outer tips of the guide vanes to the inner portions gives the most favor'-. ajile degree of whirl to the water at each and movable point along the discharge edges of the-vanes so that the flow lines proceed along natural whirling paths and the annularcolumn of water is in the form of a freely rotating vortex as it enters 'the runner. r

A diagonal arrangement of the guide vanes 15 is advantageous in that it reduces. the length of path which must be traversed by the-water after it reaches the increased velocity of How through the turbine. This shortened path permits the hydraulic losses to be reduced, and the entire turbine structure is very compact andinvolves a. minimumamount of material. With this simpllcity of'f'orm and inexpensiveness is attained the high efiic'iency secured by the control of the position of the runner blades 26 for different loads and speeds. As ordinarily constructed the runner blades 26 will not be designed to close off the flow completely. The 'will, however, turn through a sufficient ang e to decrease the power output to zero.

Under this zero output condition a considing the outer portion of the blade mounted rotatably on the stem or shaft 38 extending throughthe fixed portion 39 of the blade to within the hollow hub 40 .where it is provided with any desired form of operating means. Instead of the inclined guide vanes of Figs. 1 and 2 the turbine of Fig. 5 has a radial entrance for the flow through the speed ring 41 and wicket gates 42 with-an intermediate transition space 43 between the wicket gates and the runner 36 wherein the fiow turns toward an axial direction. Since in this embodiment of the invention both the movable runner blades and the movable guide vanes are used, they can be so arranged and their operating mechanisms so interconnected that -very little drop in efiiciency will be secured over a wide range of performance, the dlscharge from the runner under a wide range of conditions remaining nearly axial in direction and with but little whirl. If, however, a draft tube F of the spreading type orother equivalent type is used capable of regaining the energy of whirl contained in the water discharged from the runner, it is then of less importance to provide movable guide vanes in addition to movable runner blades, since the draft tube .can, handle whirling Water and can efficiently reconvert the energy of the whirl into useful pressure head. In general, it is recommended to use this turbine with whirl-regaining draft tubes and to provide a central core in the draft tube extending up to and conforming with the runner hub (in place of the conical cap on the runner) as shown in Figs. 5, 10 and 11. In

' some of the smaller installations, it will probably be the desire to omit the draft tube core for reasons of first cost.

In cases where both guide vane and runner blade regulation are provided, it is unnecessary thatboth sets of vanes be moved simultaneously by the governor. One set, such as the guide vanes, can be governoroperated and the other set either hand-operated or actuated by a slower automatic adjustment following and responding to any movement of the primary operating mech anism. Operating mechanism suitable for these conditions is shown in my co-pending applications, Serial No. 527,544, filed January 7, 1922, and the divisional application thereof, Serial No. 147 ,419, filed November 19, 1926. The operating mechanism thereof as applied herein to the guide vanes and run ular figure as the details thereof are shown in various of the other figures such as 12. Fluid pressure is supplied to opposite sides of the piston of the blade ad usting servo-motor as through pipes .911. The automatic speed governor gis suitabl drivenv from the turbine to control the wic et gates G. The governor which is of the usual centrifugal flyball type or equivalent device performing the same functions is .adapted through usual linkages to control the admission and exhaust of fluid to the usual wicket gate operating servo-motor 55a,thereby operating the wicket gates in the usual manner, while usual primaryand secondary restoring mechanism including elements 52a, 53a, and 47 a act upon the governor-toprevent hunting and to restore the turbine to its normal speed. To operate the runner blades by a slower automatic adjustment which follows and responds to any movement of the primary operating mechanism just described,

there is provided an operating stand it and iod 50a bya bellcrank 56a and avertical rod I 57a running upward into the base of the control stand h. This rod 57a is connected to a horizontal floating lever 58a. The left end of this floating lever is connected by a link 59a to bellcrank 89d, thereby moving the left end of the floating lever 58a in accordance with movements of the runner blades. The center of the floating lever is connected to and actuates the stem 62a of a fluid pressure valve 63a contained in the upper portion of the control stand 72..

The valve. 63a is of the balanced piston type which when moved downward connects the movement of the valve 63;; places port 66a and passage 67a in communication to exhaust fluid from one side of the servo-motor while simultaneously the ports 64a and 65a are placedin communication to conduct fluid pressure to" the other side of said servo-motor "thereby adjusting the runner blades to increase the power output. The valve stem 62a passes through the valve and is screw threaded therein at 68a and swiveled' at 69a and provided with a hand-wheel 70a so that valve 63a may be moved either by vertical movement of the stem 62a or by rotational movement of the stem 62a when turned by the hand-wheel 7 a.

Assuming the gates of the turbine to be at rest at any given moment,a change in the station load will cause the governor g to operate to move the gates G and these in turn v '5 the runner blades 1n a direction to reduce v 9 power output. Shifting of the runner blades will move the horizontal interconnecting rod a. The effect of'this will be" to raise or lower the right hand end of the floating lever 58a, the left-hand end of this lever be- .ing held stationary byits restoring rod con-' ncction 59a to the runner blades. The middle of the lever 58a will, move the valve stem 62a witha motion corresponding to that of the inter-connecting rod 5011. This motion will open the hydraulic piston valve 63a admitting pressure to the servo-motor and move will be communicated to the left hand endof the floating lever 58a and when the runner blades have moved an amount corresponding to the motion of the-interconnecting rod 50a 1 the valve 63a will be restored to inidposition.

This blade motion will take place at a definitely restricted rate sufliciently slow so as .not to interfere with the primary regulation of the unit. This restriction maynbe'caused by a limited port area of the valve and a limited size of piping leading to the operating A chamber of the blade servo-mjotor 9211..

The action just described will cause the runner blades to follow up the gate motion of the wicket'gates and take up a corresponding position. While this automatic control by governor g is thus applied the hand control motion of handwheel a isalways in gear, so that at any time an-operator may superpose the hand control motion on all other controlled motions which. are in progress. It is also possible to adjust the valve 63a so as to proportionjhe positions ofjthe wicket gates and runner blades with'relation to each other, in any desired manner.

The efiect of the inter-connecting mech- 1 anism is always to cause the runner blades to follow up, and approach the-position .cor-

responding to that takenbg the wicketgate. The action just describe is very efl'ectively'brought about'in that the wicket gate is adjusted for quick operation while the runner blades move more slowly.

Denoting the quick-acting flow controlling mechanism (here shown as wicket gates) the primary gatemechanism, and the slowacting mechanism (here shown as the runner blades) the secondary blade mechanism,

,. then as explained above, the veffect of the inter-connectingmechanismisalways to cause the secondary blade mechanism to follow up and approach the position corresponding to that ta en by the primary gate mechanism under governor control due to a load change.

After the first shift of the prim ry gates to take up practically the entire loa change at a relatively rapid rate the effect will be for the primary gates gradually to unload a part "of the load control upon the other blade mech-,

anism, until only itsproper share remains with the primary gate mechanism, that is, the secondary blade mechanism will gradually take up part of the control and relieve take the increase, its gatesj quickly opening so as to maintain as nearly as possible a constant speed of the unit. The secondary blade mechanism will then begin slowly to open and the-primary gate will slowly close until both gates have reached an equilibrium as:

set by their respective governing valves.

v Another modification of this turbine will comprise the use of inclined, movable-guide vanes, that is, wicket gates rotating about axes contained in meridian planes, but not parallel to the turbine axis and operated by mechanism similar to that shown for the runner blade regulation; One form of, such inclined guide vanes is shown in my Patent In Fig. 6 the runner regulation is produced by moving a small portion 44 of the 'runner blade 45 near the outer tips and comprising the discharge portion'qf the vane, the en trance portion 46 remaining: fixed. As

shown in Fig. 7 instead of having a free end,-

on this adjustable portion a'second stem or trunnion 47 may be, provided at the outer end of the movable portion 44' so that this movable portion issupported at both ends and is not overhung as in the other arrangements.

This provides a better support for the movable portion and greater mechanical strength permitting the pins or stems to be made of smaller diameter. In these modifications of Figs. 6 and 7 the most efl'ectivepart of the blade has been selected for the purpose of I regulation and instead of moving the whole blade or a large portion of it, only this small section is moved and the force required to operate it is correspondingly reduced; At

made movable to serve "a 1 the same time a suflicient art of the blade is the ordinary requirements of regulation.

InFig. 8 an axial flow runner 48 is shown with the outer portions 49 of the blades adjustable on rotatable stems O operated from within the hollow hub 51 in a manner similar to the methods shown in the other figures. One advantage which the preferred diagonal runner has over the purely axial flow runner is that the hub of the dia onal runner can be enlarged so as to give a etter arrangement of the operating mechanism with more room for the runner blade disks and stems and adjusting means.

The modified form of turbine shown in Fig. 9 is similar to the turbine of Fig. 1 but instead of moving the adjustable block 32 for the blade links by means of a rod passing up through ahollow shaft, the control rod23 extends downward through the end of the hub and is moved by a horizontal lever 53 extending across the draft'tube and pivoted at 54 and connected at 55 to the verticalrod 56 extending upward to be connected with the tating member 59 concentric with the runner This member 59 is radially slotted at axis. 60 for each stud 58 carrying either a roller or slide block 61 engaging the walls of the corresponding slot 60. The axis of each stud 58 passes through the intersection of the axis of rotation of the blade and the turbine axis. The relative rotation of the rotating member 59 with respect to the runner will cause a corresponding rotary movement of .each blade 26. To produce the relatively rotary movement of the member .59 it is rigidly mounted on the rod 62 provided at its lower end with a screw member 63 of steep pitch. A- nut member 64 mating with this screw member 63 moves slidably on the sleeve 65 extending downward from the runner hub cap 66 and is keyed against rotation with respect to the hub by the .key and slot connection at .67. To turn the screw 63 and rod 62 with relation to the runner the nut member 64 is moved up and down by the floating sleeve 68 operated by the lever 69 from the governer.

rod 70. A vertical movement of the nut will correspondingly adjust the runner blades 26..

' Fig. 11 shows an arrangement similar to that of Fig. 1 but differing in the type of draft tube used and in the specific form of the operating mechanism used for the adjustable runner blades.

The draft tube D of end of the runner hub 7 2. In the operating stead of moving this member 72 by a central rod in a hollow turbine shaft, it is connected through vertical rods 73 to a sleeve 74 surrounding the turbine shaft and rotating with it. This sleeve 74 carries a circumferential slot 7 5' within which is engaged a non-rotatable collar 7 6 which in turn is moved vertically by the two vertical connecting rods 77 and a bell crank 78 placed above. A second sleeve 79 is shown at the top which is not in contact with the shaft 24 but merely serves for actuating the rods. This arrangement of Fig. 11 avoids the need for a hollow bored shaft.

' In the modification shown in-Fig. 12 each I blade stem is provided with a bevel pinion 80 meshing with a common bevel gear 81 keyed to a central rod 82 rotated by a cam 83 preferably placed at a point above the water level and within the turbine pit. The cam-member 83 is provided with curved slots 84 engaged by rollers 85 of the rotating and sliding collar 86, the groove 87 of which contains the non-rotating collar 88 moved up and down by the lever 89 connected to any usual governor means diagrammatically shown for instance in Fig. 13 and one specific form of which is disclosed in the patent to Rogers, 1,559,782. By this connecting mechanism tipping movements of the bell crank lever 89- are translated into turning movements of the adjust- I In Fig. 14 a modified formof turbine is shown in which the inner upper wall is a. cylinder 93 and the lower outer wall is a plane.

surface 94 rounding into a downwardly directed surface of revolution- 94', these two walls being joined by diagonal stationary vanes 95. These vanes95 can be few in number and widely spaced to reduce surface resist ance and preferably of twisted or Warped form to give the correct angle of guidance at every point as shown in Fig. 2. The runner blades 96 may be diagonally directed as shown and adjustable about radial axes, that is radial with respect to the turbine axis. Each point of the blade tipswill then move in a spheical surface about the intersection of the axes of blade adjustment and the turbine axis. The blades 96 may terminate in a--single spherical surface as indicated by the radius r in this Fig. 14 and also with relation effective pressure head at all loads.

draft tube adapted tovspread and decelerate the flow between inner and outer surfaces of to the blade tips 'of the runner shown, in Fig. 5. It is obvious that this spherical formation of the blade tips may be used with any ofthe runners'shown in the various figures. -T he wall of the runner chamber such as that indicated at Q4 should be tangent to the sphere at about the center ofthe tip breadth, and should conform as closely as possible to the sphere to reduce leakage betweenthe tips and the wall. These runner blades may be adjusted by. any' desired means such .for instance as that shown in the turbine of Fig.9.

The turbine of this invention permits the structural parts to be very simple in form and at the same time combines high specific speed of the runner with a sustained eflimoney at all loads. The adjustable runner blades absorb a variable amount of whirl from the flow depending upon the load and it is therefore particularly advantageous with this typeof runner to provide a draft tube capable of regaining the whirling components of the velocity and converting thesm ifito uc a revolution is shown for instance at F in Fig. 5 and may be used. with any of the runners shown to convertthe variable whirl into pressure head and thus maintain the efiiciency of the turbine throughout a wide yariation in the load.

I claim:

1. In a hydraulic turbine the combination with means for guiding the entering flow with a whirl around the axis of the turbine,

of a runner receiving said flow axially and with inward components and having blades adjustable around axes inclined to the runner axis to different angles with relation to said flow while said runner is rotating. v 2. In a hydraulic turbine the combination with fixed guide vanes adapted to impart a whirl to the entering flow, of a runner receiving saidflow-axiall and with inward components, the blades 0 said runner being adjustable around axes inclined to the runner axis to diflerent angles with relation to said flow. 3. In a hydraulic turbine the combination with fixed guide vanes ada ted to impart a whirl to the entering flow, o a runner receiving said flow axially and with inward components, said blades being adjustable around axes inclined to the runner axis to difierent angles with relation tosaid flow, and a means for adjusting said runner 'blades while the runner is rotating.

4. In a hydraulic turbine the combination with fixed guide vanes ada ted toimpart a whirl to the entering flow, o a runner receiving said flow axially and with inward components, said blades being adjustable around axes to the runner a'xistodifierent angles with relation tosaid flow, and a means .for adjusting said runner blades while the runner is rotating, comprising a governor controlled member and connections between said member and said blades.

5.- In a turbine the combination with means for directing the flow against a runner with a whirl and combined radial and axial components, of a turbine runner comprising a hub portion and adj ustable'blades carried thereby said blades being rotatably mounted in said hub around axes inclined to a plane erpendicular to the axis of the runner, an means .within said hub for adjusting said blades hub portion having a generally conical form and adjustable'blades carried thereby, said blades being rotatably mounted in said fhub around axes inclined to a plane perpendicularto'the axis of the runner, and means within said. hub for adjusting said blades while the runner is rotating.

7. In a turbine the combination with means for directing the flowagainst a runner with a whirl and combined radial and axialcomponents, of a turbine runner comprising a hub portion and adjustable blades carried thereby, said blades being rotatably mounted in said hub around axes inclined to a plane 2 perpendicular to'the axis of the runner, and

means within said hub for adjusting said blades while the runner is rotating, said runner vanes being unshrouded.

8. In a turbine. the combination with means for directing the flow against a runner with a whirl and .combined'radial and axial components, of a turbine runner comprising a hub portion and adjustable blades carried thereby, said blades being rotatably mounted in said hub around axes inclined to a. plane perpendicular to the axis of the runner, and means within said hub for adjusting said blades while the runner is rotating, said runner vanes having entrance and discharge edges which are straight lines when projected into meridian planes.

. 9. In a hydraulic turbine the combination with a runner, of guide means adapted to impart a whirl to the flow entering said runner and comprising fixed guide vanes at an angle inclined to the runner axis and adapted to di-.

rect flow with varying components of whirl at points at different distances from said axis, a part of said flow. when passing through said guide vanes being in lines lyingina substantially cylindrical surface coaxial with the runner.

10. In a hydraulic turbine the combin'al-,

tion with a runner, of guide means adapted to impart a whirl to the flow-entering said run-. ner and comprising guide vanes extending at an-angle to a plane perpendicular to'the axis oi-the turbine and adapted to direct flow with varying components of whirl at points at different distances from said axis, said components ofwhirl increasing at points nearer with a runner of guide means adapted to im part a whirl to the flow entering said runner and comprising fixed guide vanes extending at an angle to a plane perpendicular to the axis of the turbine and adapted to direct flow with varying components of whirl at points at different distances-from said axis, said components of whirl'increasing at points nearer and nearer to said axis.

12. In a hydraulic turbine the combination with a runner, a guide means for the flow to said runner comprising inner and outer surfaces of revolution directing the flow axially and with inward components, and means for'imparting a whirl to said flow comprising fixed guide vanesextending at'an angle to a plane perpendicular to-the axis of the turbine and rigidly supporting the inner surface from the outer surface.

7 13. In a hydraulic turbine the combination with a runner, of guide meansfor the flow to said runner comprising inner and outer surfaces of revolution directing the flow axially and with inward components, and means for imparting a whirl to said flow comprising fixed guide vanes extending at an angle to a plane perpendicular to the axis of the turbine and adapted to impart large components of whirl to the. flow lines nearer said axis.

14. In a turbine the combination with means for directing the flow against a run-- ner with a whirl and combined radial and axial components, of a runner for a hydraulic turbine comprising unshrolided runner blades rotatable around axes extending at an angle to a plane perpendicular to the run-.

ner axis and being adapted for adjustment around said axes while the runner is rotat- 1ng. I

15. In a hydraulic turbine'the combination with fixed guide vanes extending diagonally with respect to the turbine axis and adapted to impart a whirl to the entering flow, of a bearing casing for the turbine shaft supported by said vanes,said bearing casing having an outer 'wall turning from an axial direction to a diagonal inward direction in smooth curves continuous with the runner hub.

16. In a hydraulic turbine having unshrouded runner blades extending outward from a conical hub, a bearin for the turbine shaft located above said hu a casing surrounding said b'earing enlarging in diameter above the runner hub and then diminishing in diameter along smooth curves.

17. In a hydraulic turbine the combination with a runner having blades rotatably adjustable about axes inclined to the runner axis during the rotation of the runner of a hollow entirely enclosing that portion of the operating means adjacent said runner.

18. A hydraulic turbine comprising fixed guide vanes, a runner having blades rotatably adjustable while'the runner is rotating and a draft tube for-med to spread the flow around a central core-member and turn the flow from axial toward an outward direction with respect to the turbine axis.

- 19. A turbine comprising fixed guide vanes, a runner with blades which are adjustable to different inclinations while the runner is rotating and a draft tube formed as an annular passage bounded by two concentric surfaces of revolution flaring outwardly from an axial to a radial direction.

20. A turbine comprising fixed uide vanes, a runner with blades which are a justthe flow from the runner between a central expanding core and an outer surface of revolution.

21. A hydraulic turbine comprising fixed inclined" guide vanes for directing the entrance fiow'with a whirl around the axis, a bearing carried by said guide vanes for the runner shaft, an outer guide vane ring curving inward toward the axial direction and a runner having entrance edges inclined in the direction of said entrance guide vanes. 22. A hydraulic turbine comprising fixed inclined guide vanes for directing the entrance flow with a whirl around the axis, a bearing carried byv said guide vanes for the runner shaft, an outer guide vane ring curving inward toward the axial direction and a runner having entrance edges inclined in the direction of said entrance guide vanes. and spaced therefrom. 23. A hydraulic turbine comprising a runner having unshroud'edrunner. blades rotat able around axes extending outward from the runner, and operating means for moving said blades comprising a bell crank carrying an axially movable sleeve connected in turn to a rod within the runner shaft so as to transing adjustable blades adapted to absorbv a variable amount of said entering whirl, and a draft tube receiving the flow from said run= ner-and decelerating itbetween inner and outer surfaces, of revolution sons to convert the whirling velocity of the discharge into effective pressure head. i

2.5. In a hydraulic turbine the combination with a runner having blades rotatably adjustable around axes inclined to the runner axis during the rotation of the runner, of operating means for adjusting said blades comprising. a member rotatably adjustable relatively to the runner about the runner axis.

26. In a hydraulic turbine the combination with a runner having bladesrotatably adjustable around axes inclined to the runner axis during the rotation of the runner, of operating means for adjusting said blades coma prising a member rotatably adjustable relatively to the runner about the runner axis, said member. engaging each of said blades in similar manner. i 27. In a hydraulic turbine the combination with a-runner having unshrouded blades extending outward from a central'hub and rotatably. adjustable around axes inclined to the runner axis during the rotation of the runner, of operating means-for adjusting said blades comprising .a member rotatably adjustable relatively to the runner about the runner axis, and reciprocable means for effecting rotationof said adjustable memberi 28. A turbine having a runner and fixed guide vanes extending diagonally from the outer portion of sald runner to substantially adja'ce'nt the-runner axis, said vanes being spaced by an appreciable distance from said runner to provide a transition space, and the width of s'aid transition space between the guide vanes and runner being approximatel the same for flow lines near therunner hu a1 direction.

as for flow lines near the runner tips.

29. In combination, a. turbine having -a runner, means forming aninlet having fixed guide vanes, said vanes being diagonally disposed to the runner axis and so positioned relative to the runner that waterpassing to the runner near its hub enters in; lines which lie in a substantially cylindrical surfaceextending approximately coaxial with the runner while water enterlng near the outer runner portion is turned from an initial direction which is approximately radial'toward. an

30. Incombination, a turbine having a runner and-guide vanes therefor, and means whereby water-flows through a portion of said vanes in lines which lie ina substantially cylindrical surface extending substantially coaxial with the runner and through another portion thereof'in substantially a radi-.

' 31.- In combination. -a turbine having a runner, a series of diagonal stationary guide vanes adapted to uzhirl the water flowingto the runner, said vanes being disposed above and spaced from said runner to form a transitlon ing guide vanes at the outer portion'of ace, means for removably support scribed, a water wheel comprising a series of blades of the propeller. type, a hollow housing having bearin in which said blades are rotatably mounte a hollow shaft connected with said'housing, governing mechanism rotatable with said shaft, a rod in said shaft connected with said governing mechanism whereby movement in opposite directions is adapted to be imparted to said rod, a torque transmitting member connected with each blade, and a control member connected with said rod in proximity to said torque members, said control and torque members being operativelyconnected together in a similar man-. ner and from a point below the axes of said blades to rotate said blades by the movement 0f said rod. 33. In 'a' high specific speed propeller type hydraulic turbine, the combination comprlsing a runner having blades adjustable around axes inclined to the runner axis, means forming a passage for conducting fluid to and from said runner, means for whirling the inflowing fluid to said runner and being spaced therefrom to form a Vane free transition space in which the fluid whirls, and operating means for moving said blades around their respec tive inclined axes,

- 34. In a high specific speed propeller type hydraulic turbine, the combination compris:

ing a runner having blades adjustable around and movable in opposite directions to effect reverse blade movement.

'35. In a high specific speed propeller type hydraulic. turbine, the combination comprising a runner having a hollow shaft and blades adjustable around axes inclined to the runner axis, means forming a passage for conducting fluid to and from said runner, means for whirling the inflowing fluid to said runner andbeing spaced therefrom to form a vane v free transition space in which the fluid whirls, and operating means for moving said blades around their respective inclined axes including a member disposed within said shaft and movable in opposite directions to effect movement of said-blades in opposite directions.

36. In a high specific speed propeller type hydraulic turbine, the combination comprising a hollow shaft carrying a runner having blades adjustable axes, inclined to the hydraulic turbine, the combination comprising a runner having blades adjustable around axes inclined to the runner axis, means forming a passage for conducting fluid to and from said runner, means for whirling the fluid flowing to said runner and being spaced therefrom to form a vane free transition space in which the fluid whirls, and operating means for moving said blades around their respective inclined axes including a member coaxial with the runner axis and gears connecting said member and blades.

38. In a hi h specific speed propeller type hydraulic 'tur ine, the combination com ris ing a runner having diagonal blades ad ust able around axes-inclined to the runner axis, means forming a passage for conducting fluid to and from said runner, means for whirling.

.the fluid flowing to said runner and being spaced therefrom to form a vanefree transi tion space in which the fluid whirls, and operating means for moving said blades around their respective inclined axes including a member coaxial with the runner axis, and substantially similar operating connections from each of said blades to said coaxial member.

39. In a high specific speed propellertype hydraulic turbine, the combination comprising a runner having a hollow shaft and di agonal blades adjustable around axes inclined to the runner axis, means forming a passage for conducting fluid to and from said runner, means for whirling the fluid flowing to said runner and being spaced therefrom to form a vane free transition space in which the fluid whirls, and operating means for moving said blades around their respective inclined axes includin a rotatable member disposed within said shai t and carrying a central bevel gear, and eachofsaid blades carrying abevel gear meshing. with said central gear.

40. In a hydraulic turbine, thecombination with means for guiding a radially entering flow with a whirl around the axis of the turbine, of a high specific speed propeller type runner having diagonal blades receiving said flow axially and with inward components, said blades being adjustable around the diagonal axes of the blades with means to effect adjustment of the blades to different angles with relation to the flow.

41. In a hydraulic turbine, the combination of fixed guide vanes adapted to impart a whirl to a radially entering flow, of a high specific speed propeller type runner having diagonal blades receiving said flow axially and with inward components, said blades being adjustable around axes inclined to the.

runner axis to different angles with relation to said flow, and means for ad ustmg said runner vanes.

42. In a hydraulic turbine, the combination with means for directing the flow against A a runner with a whirl and combinedradial and axial components, of a turbine runner coinprisin a hub and adjustablesblades carried there y, said blades being diagonally disposed and rotatably mounted in said hub around thediagonal axes of said blades, and fiealns within said hub'for adjusting-said a es.

43. The combination in a hydraulic turbine installation comprising a high specific speed propeller type runner having a hub with adjustable blades carried thereby, a shaft for supporting said runner, a bearing for supporting said shaft, and means for sup porting said bearing including dia onal fixed guide vanes adapted to whirl the ow to said runner, and spaced therefrom to form'a transition space. Y

44. The combination in a high specific speed hydraulic turbine installation comprising a propeller type runner having a relative- -1y small number of adjustable unshrouded blades, and means for conducting fluid to and from said runner, including a draft tube having a central core therein throughout its whole length.

45. The combination in a hydraulic turbine a high specific speed installation comprising aving unshrouded r0- propeller type runner tatabl fluid ows to said runner by turning from a radial to an axial direction, fixed guide vanes adjustable blades, means whereby for whirling the fluid flowing to said runner,

and a draft tube having an annular passage the inner wall of which is formed b a central core member the diameter of whlchnear the runner is at least one sixth that of the outer wall.

46. The combination in a hydraulic turbine installation comprising means forming a-passage turning from a radial to an axial direction, airunnerdisposed insai'd usage and having only unshrouded rotata ly adjustablie blr les, guide vanes for whirling the flow to said runner and s aced therefrom to said'blades.

47. The combination in a high specific speed propellertype hydraulic turbine installation comprising means forming a passage turning from a radial to an axial direction, a runner in said passage, guide vanes space in which the fluid turns from a radial to an axial direction, said runner having a hollow hub carryinfg only rotatably ad ustable blades, each 0 which has a bevel gear operatively connected thereto within the holdirection, a runner having only unshrouded' rotatably adjustable blades, guide vanes for whirling the flow to said runner, and means for adjusting said blades includlng a rotatable rod disposed within .a hollow. shaft which supports said runner and connecting means extending upwardly from the lower end of said rod to said blades;

49. The combination in a hydraulic turbine installation comprising means forming a fluid conduit, a runner disposed therein having a hollow hub with rotatably adjustable ade members extending outwardly therefrom, said blades being ournaled in said hub and each carrying a gear at their inner ends within the hollow-portion ofsaid hub, and' a rotatable rod disposed within a hollow shaft'which supports said runner, and carrying a central gear meshing with said blade gears.

50. The combination in a hydraulic tur bine installation comprising means forming a fluid conduit, a runner disposed therein having ahollow hub with only rotatably adjustable blades extending outwardly therefrom, said blades being journaled in said hub and each carrying a bevel gear at their inner ends within thehollow portion of said hub,

and a .otatable rod disposed within, a hollowshaft hich supports said runner, and carrying a central bevel gear meshing with said blade ears. I

51. he' combination in a hydraulic turbine installation comprising a runner having a hub and rotatably adjustable" blades car- 'ried thereby, meansqfor supporting said blades by said hub, each blade including an enlarged annular disc disposed within a cooperating recess in the; hub, each of said blades having a shaft extending inwardly of said hub from its respective disc, the inner end of each of said shafts carrying a bevel gear-, ayd a rotatable rod coaxial with the runner axis and having a central bevel gear meshing with said other bevel gearsto eflect adjustment of said blades.

52. The combination ina hydraulic tun bine comprising a runner'having a hub carrying bladesrotatably adjustable on axes inclined to the runner axis, means formin a passage for direct fluid flow thereto, guide vanesfor whirling t e flow to said runner in "the direction of, rotation thereof,- and means blades disposed below theblade axes for effecting adjustment of said blades whereb when the turbine load decreases and said blades are moved so as to increase their transverse relation to the flow the proportion between the rotational speed'of the runner and its load is increased. I

53. The combination in a hydraul c-open flume turbine installation comprising means forming an/entrance passage or flume including a floor l structu're, floor, an urishrouded high specific s d runner in said passage, inwardly exten ing fixed guide vanes supported from said floor. strucadmis-- sion means for whirlingflow to sai turbine.

ture above said runner and formin passage, whereby fluid flows through said admission means from above and around the same. i

54, The combination in a hydraulicopen flume turbine installation comprising an en- 1 trance passage or flume having a floor structure, a passage 'therethrough havin at least,

a portion thereof contracting, an an unshrouded high specific speed propeller type runner in a contracted portion of said passage, and inwardly extendin vanes supported from said oor structure and supportin a bearing for the shaft of said runner an providing admission means for whirling flow to said turbine assage, v whereb fluid flows through said a means rom around and above the same.

55. The combination in a hydraulic open flume turbine. installation comprising means forming an entrance passage or flume including a floor structure, a passage through said floor having at least a portion thereof contiactiggd ill: $11118 dinfaiction offlow, an un- 's rou e ig s eci c speed ro eller t runner having diagonal bl'ad s s ddis that the tips thereof are in a contract portion of sa1d passage, a bearing for support- ;ing said runner, inwardly extending fixed guide vanes supported from said floor strucission a passage through said ture and being transversely inclined and constituting thesole means for whirling flow to sa1d turbine passage, said guide vanes supporting said bearing and forming admission means'to said turbine-pas'sage, whereby fluid flows vthrough said admission means from above and around-the same.

,56. The combination. in a hydraulic turbine installation comprising arunner having a tapered hub with a central hollow portion .so as to form an outer rotating wall blades adjustably:supp orted-in said wall, operating means for said blades connected to said blades from below the axes thereof and within said central hollow portion adjacent the smaller end of said tapered hub and a shaft for supportin said runner and beingconnected to said ub at the upper-portion thereof and not extending through said hollow portion. k

57. The combination in a hydraulic turbine installation comprising a runner having a tapered hub with a central hollow so as to form an outer rotating wall, blades adjustably supported in said wall, operating means for said blades connected to said blades from below the axes thereof and within said central hollow portion adjacent the smaller end of said tapered hub, and a shaft in said hub.

59. A high specific speed propeller type hydraulic turbine comprising a rotor having a hub provided with a chamber therein, a plurality of blades carried by said hub and at least certain of said blades having a rigid inlet section and a variable discharge section therefor,

and means disposed within said chamber for operating said variable blade sections.

60. A high specific. speed propeller type hydraulic turbine comprising a rotor havinga hub provided with a chamber therein, a plurallty of blades carried by said hub, at least certain of said blades having an entire rigid inlet section and a variable discharge sectlon, and means within said chamber'for moving sald variable discharge section relative to said rigid section.

61. A propeller type hydraulic turbine comprising an unshroudedrotor having a hub and plurality of blades carried thereby,

each of said blades having relatively movable sections disposed on axes which are angularly disposed relative to each other, and means within said hub for efi'ect'ng relative adjustment between said sections;

portion I blade adjustment, said connecting means being disposed within the hollow portion of said hub on the side of said blades which.

makes an acute angle with the runner axis.

63. The combination in a hydraulic turbine comprising a runner having a hub carrying adjustable blades, a shaft for supporting said runner and having flanged sections one of which is hollow, and means for adjusting said blades including an operating rod ex- .tending through the hollow portion of said shaft and actuating means therefor'supported between the flanges of said shaft. v

64. The combination set forth in claim 63 further characterized in that said flange support includes a removable spacing block interposedbetween the flanges of said shaft and carrying said actuating means.

LEWIS FER-RY 62. The combination in a high specific speed propellertype hydraulic turbine comprising means forming a flow passage through .which' fluid symmetrically flows.-

with respect to the turbine axis, and a runner dlsposed in said passage and having a hub with a central hollow portion and bearings formed in the hub wall, a hollow shaft.

blades rotatably for supporting said runner, supported in said bearings o'n axes-inclined to the runner axis, and each blade having an operating member extending within said hollow portion, an operating rod extending through the hollow portion of saidshaft, and means for connecting said rod to each of said blade operating members for effecting 

